[12].Forgeneraldiscussionsofthesereforms,seeKlein,PatternofLandTenureReform;Froehlich,LandTenure;,”LandReforminthePostwarEra,”LandEconomics（August,1957）；,”TheEconomicBasisofLandReforminUnderdevelopedCountries,”LandEconomics（May,1961）；,”TheAgrarian-BasedDevelopmentPolicyinLandReform,”LandEconomics（August,1963）；andDoreenWarriner,LandReformandEconomicDevelopment（Cairo:NationalBankofEgypt,1955）.Noneofthesediscussions,however,providea,whichisperhapsthemostplicated,,LandReforminJapan（London:OxfordUniversityPress,1959）；TakekayuOgura,ed.,AgriculturalDevelopmentinModernJapan（Tokyo:JapanFAOAssociation,1963）；MinistryofAgricultureandForestry,AgriculturalLandReformLegislation（Tokyo,1949）；SupremeCommanderAlliedPowers,,FarmTenancyinJapan（Tokyo,1947）；,JapaneseLandReformProgram（Tokyo,1950）.ForKorea,,”LandReforminSouthKorea,”PacificAffairs,www.youxs.org（June,1949）.ForthePhilippines,seeBull,”PhilippineLandReform.”ForVietnam,”VietnameseLandTransferProgram,”LandEconomics（May,1957）.ForIran,,”TheAgrarian-BasedDevelopmentofIran,”LandEconomics（February,1960）；,”AgricultureintheEconomicDevelopmentofIran,”LandEconomics（November,1960）.ForIraq,seeWarrenAdams,”ReflectionsofRecentLandReformExperienceinIraq,”LandEconomics（May,1963）；,”LandReforminIraq:EconomicandSocialImplications,”LandEconomics（February,1961）.NowhereintheliteratureonTaiwanlandreform,however,couldI,forexample,www.youxs.org,”UnitedStatesPolicytowardAgrarianReforminUnderdevelopedNations,”LandEconomics（August,1961）.

www.youxs.org

Beforeproceedingtotheformaltheoryofsharetenancy,letusinvestigateherethenatureoffarmlandownershipinTaiwanbefore1949—thesystemuponwhichtherentalsharereductionwasimposedinthefirstphaseofthereform.[1]Weshallconcentrateonthelawsgoverningprivatefarmlands:atotalof672,000hectares,56percentofwhichwereundertenancy.[2]

Theterm”privateownership”asappliedtoChineselawimpliesexclusivityinusingcertainrights.[3]Theprimaryownershiprightattachedtoprivatefarmlandswastherighttofarm,whichmeant”theutilizationoflandthroughtheapplicationoflaborandcapital”（Article80）.[4]Thus,therighttofarmistherighttoproduceagriculturalproductsasasourceofine.[5]ThespatiallimitordimensionoftherightwasspecifiedbytheCivilCode,,,accordingtothesamearticles,wasinperpetuity.

Turningtotheprovisionsgoverningthetransfersofrights,whichareimportanttotheunderstandingofresourceallocationundertenancy,weencounterasomewhatplexsetoflegalprovisionswhichcanbesimplifiedasfollows:

OutrightTransfers

Accordingtotheprereformlandlaw,landownershipwasnotfreelyalienable;thatis,theowne”theownershipofprivatefarmlandshallbetransferredonlytosuchtransfereesascancultivatethelandthemselvesafterthetransferiseffected（www.youxs.org）.”[6]Butsinceatransfereewhocancultivatemaynotnecessarilydosohimself,thisstip,undertenancy,,however,wasrequiredtopay”thesametermsasareofferedtoanyotherperson.”[7]Thisconditionvirtuallynullifiedthetenantspreferentialrighttopurchase,s,thelandowner（lessor）,restrictionsonoutrighttransferswerenegligible.

MortgageandPerpetualLease

LandrightsotherthanownershipasprovidedbytheChinesecivilcodeincludemortgage,yungtien,

Byyungtienismeanttherightpermanentlytouseanotherpersonslandforthepurposeofcultivationorpasturingbypayingarenttherefor[CivilCode,www.youxs.org]；theyungtien-holdermaytransferhisrighttoanotherperson[CivilCode,www.youxs.org],buthemaynotsubleasethelandtoanotherperson[CivilCode,www.youxs.org].

Inshort,yungtienisaconditionalperpetuallease,and”iftherentwhichtheyungtien-holderhasfailedtopayamountstotheequivalentoftwoyearstotalrent,thelandownermay……revoketheyungtien”（CivilCode,www.youxs.org）.

Bydienismeanttherighttotakepossessionofanotherpersonsimmovablepropertyandtouseittoenjoyinestherefrombypayingapriceforit[CivilCode,www.youxs.org].Thedien-holdermaytransfertherighttodientoanotherperson[CivilCode,www.youxs.org],orleasethepropertytoanotherpersonunderdien[CivilCode,www.youxs.org].Ifthedien-6b\\gOYfailstoredeemitattheoriginalpricewithintwoyearsaftertheexpirationofthecontractualperiodofdien,thedien-ho\＆QYshallacquiretheownershipofthepropertyunderdien[CivilCode,www.youxs.org].

Thus,dienisanarrangementfortransferringrightsresemblingmortgagingandleasing.

OrdinaryLease