Thedecreaseinlandsizepertenant,labor”inefromfarmingwasofteninsufficienttocoverlivingexpensesandthetenantfarmersdependedonadditionalinefromoff-farmemployment.”[8]Off-farmemploymentwasalsofrequentaftertheLand-to-the-Tillerprogramin1953,butbythenthetonehadchangedto”numerouschangeshaveoccurredinfarmerssocialstatus,toshiftlaborofffarmorusemorelaborinsidelineworks.”[9]Duringtheperiod1949-51,however,itwasreportedthat”therentreduction…greatlyencouragedthetenants,totheextentthatnotasingleonedidnotworkhisbesttoincreaseproduction.”[10]Andinavillagewith140tenanthouseholds,”sevenofthembuiltnewhouses,twentyofthemtooktimetorepairthefields.…”[11]

[1].Fortheerraticcropyieldsfrom1942to1946,seeSino-AmericanJointCommissiononRuralReconstruction,TaiwanAgriculturalStatistics,1901-1955(Taipei:1961),,,notonlyhasthemassiveLand-to-the-Tillerprogrambeenenforced,butf,AgriculturalDevelopmentonTaiwansinceWorldWarII(NewYork:ComstockPublishingAssociates,1964);OfficeofEconomicPolicy,”TheTaiwanFertilizerIndustry,”mimeographed(www.youxs.org);,IrrigationInvestmentinTaiwan(Taipei:JCRR,1963).

[2].SeeShen,AgriculturalDevelopmentonTaiwan,

[3].Seechapter8,table3,column6.

[4].Seechapter8,table4,

[5].Seechapter5,sectionC.

[6].SeeJCRR,”JCRRAnnualReportsonLandReformintheRepublicofChina,”mimeographed(1965),www.youxs.org(table2,column2)andthefurtherdecreaseintenantlandholdingfrom1950to1951(column8).Ofthelandsunderprivateownership,sporadicevidenceinvariouslocationsindicatesthattenantfarmshadbeenslightlymorelabor-intensi,TaiwanAgriculturalYearbook,1951Edition(Taiwan:ProvincialGovernment,1951),

[7].Informationavailableincludesonlythenumberoftenanthouseholdsaffected,notthenumberoftenantfarmersinthesehouseholds.

[8].www.youxs.org,”ImpactofLandReformonAgriculturalDevelopmentandRuralEmploymentinTaiwan,”(JCRRmimeograph63-RED-M-176),www.youxs.org.

[9].Ibid.,www.youxs.org,,”AnEconomicStudyofLandUseinTaichungHsienandCity,1960,”mimeographed(Tai-chung:ResearchInstituteofAgriculturalEconomics,ChungHsingUniversity,1961);CommitteeonCensusofAgriculture,GeneralReportonthe1961CensusofAgriculture(Taipei:1963);andNien-tsingLu,AnAnalysisofFarmFamilyEconomyofOwner-OperatorsundertheLand-to-the-TillerPrograminTaiwan(Taipei:TheResearchDepartmentoftheLandBankofTaiwan,1965).

[10].ChengChen,RecordsofTaiwanLandReform(Taipei:ChungHwaBookCompany,1961),www.youxs.org.

[11].Ibid.,pp.,sectionB.

www.youxs.org

Observationsregardingfertilizerinputsunderthesharerestrictionnot,admittedly,costmorebutaremoreeffective.[1]Underafreemarket,thequantityandqualityofferti-lizersapplied—whethermittedbythelandownerorbythetenant—,however,itistothelandownersinterest,andpetitionwillrequire,thatthetenantusehigher-costfertilizersifahigherannualyieldistherebyobtained.

Measuredintotalquantitiesconsumed,with1948asthebaseyear,,withthequantityconsumedin1951approximatingthatof1950.[2]Ontheotherhand,,withthequantityconsumedin1951approximatingthatin1950.[3]Amongmercialfertilizers,mineralfertilizersincreasedbymorethantwoandone-halftimesforthesameperiod;vegetablefertilizersincreasedbyaboutone-thirdin1950anddecreasedthereafter;andanimalfertilizers,whichhadbeenusedonlyinsmallquantities,declined.[4]Forthesamequantity,mineral(chemical)fertilizersaregenerallythemostcostlyofall,andareregardedasthemosteffective.[5]

Intheperiod1948-50,themostsignificantdecreaseinfarm-producedfertilizersoccurredinburnedsoil,,,andwasreplacedbymercialvegetablefertilizers.

Besidesburneisoilandgreenmanure,otherfarm-producedfertilizerssuchasanimalmanure,ricehull,ash,straw,andhumanmanuredecreasedslightly.[6]