”Landarea”cluded,allprivatelyownedlandusedforfarmingpurposesisincludedundercultivatedland,econtract,thisspatial(physical)areaistherelevantmeasure.[2]DuringtheperiodunderstudyinTaiwan,partlybecausethecultivationofthelandatexternalmargins(arablebutnotprivatelyownedorcultivated)wouldyieldzeroorlowreturnsandmainlybecausetheexternalmarginswereownedbythestate,[3],column6.

Whereastheareaofcultivatedlandisquiteinflexibleovertime,thatisnotthecaseforcroparea.[4]Toillustrate,supposethatoveraone-yearperiod,onlyonecropofriceisgrownononehectareofcultivatedland;,overthesamephysicalareaforthesame(one-year)period,thefarmerrotatesonecropofrice,onecropofsweetpotatoes,andone-halfcropofvegetables,thenthecropareawillbecountedastwoandone-halfhectares.[5]Inshort,croparearepresentstherateofcroprotationoyeragivenareaofcultivatedlandperperiodoftime,ndmeansthatfarmingintensityhasincreasedthroughanincreaseintherateofcroprotation.

Asisseenintable3,using1948asthebaseyear,thecropareaofriceandmonc,,;however,thecropareaforhorticulture(theareaharvested)decreased.[6]Thesevarying,theyconformtothepredictedpatternsofcropchoiceunderthesharerestriction.

TheDensityandRateofPlanting

Therearetwogeneralways,buttoincreasetheyieldpercropbyusingbetterseeds,fertilizers,andpesticides,improvingirrigation,repairingfields,teofcroprotation,on,by”shortening”thegrowingtimerequiredforeachcropbyrelaying,interplanting,triction,aportionoftheincrementalinputswillbeallocatedtothedensityofplantingandaportionwillbeallocatedtotherateofplanting.

Anincreaseinthe,,withacorrespondingincreaseincroparea,;forexample,itcostsmoretorelayorinterplant(tosqueezein),whichperhapsincludesthefirst,isthathastemakesahighercost.[7]Unlikeincreasingdensity,wheretheyieldpercropareawillrise,theincreaseinplantingratemayleadtoaloweryieldpercroparea.

IntramarginalandMarginalCrops

Thecriticaltestoftheimplicationthatmarginrerestriction,andsupposethatthisric,wecallricetheintramarginalcropb,thedensityofplantingofthisricecropwouldbeincreased,andthecorrespondingriseincrophectare,however,confirmationofourconclusion,thatthemarginalcostoftenantinputsisnecessarilygreaterthantheassociatedmarginalproduct,isnotpossible.

Suppose,onanotherowner-cultivatedfarm,,thereallocationofnonlandresourcesfromownerfarmstotenantfarms,theaveragecroparea(hectare)(1)resourcesweredrawnintoagriculturetotheextentthattheincreaseinriceyieldonthetenantfarmoutweighedthedecreaseinyieldontheownerfarm,or(2)ricewasdominantlytheintramarginalcropoftenantfarms.