第16章 佃农理论英语原著 10
- 作者:张五常
- 类型:综合其他
- 更新时间:2021-07-04 15:13:57
- 章节字数:6726字
Undermutualagreements,economictheoryimpliesthatthetotalamountoftenantinputscontractedwillbetheamountwhichyieldsthehighest(q-f)/h,,thehighestvalueof(q-f)//hasaresultofincreasingthestipulatedamountoftenantinput,thereisassociatedanupwardshiftofq/www.youxs.org(www.youxs.org);thelatterrepresentsthemarginalproductivityofadditionaltenant(www.youxs.org)input,whichincreasesatadecreasingrate(www.youxs.org).[3]Thehighest(q-f)/h-associatedwithaspecificf/hcurve-isobtainedwhenthemarginalupwardshiftsoff/handq/hareequal,o,whichdefinesf/h,,thecropschosentobeplantedorrotated,andthemethodofproduc-ingthem,are,bydefinition,thosewhichyieldthehighestpresentvalueoflandtothelandowner,thatis,whichmaximizerentalannuity.[4]Therelevantvalueof(q-f)/h,oraveragerent,fordecisionmakingisthusthehighestonederivedfromalternativepairsofq/handf/www.youxs.org(q-f)/hdefinesthecostoflandperacreasafactorofproduction.[5]
Themarginalproductofland,
—or
infigure2—cutsq/hand(q-f)/,T1,iswhere(q-f)/(T1),theequilibriumrentalpercentageequals(q-f)/hdividedbyq/h(atT下标内容).Thatis,therentalpercentage,r,equalsar/,say70percent,weplotthemarginalcontractrentcurve,
r,asthispercentageof
ateverypoint.
Sincethetenantcontractstopayapercentageofthetotalproduct,asindicatedby
r,thecostoflandis,thetenantpreferstoemploylandtothepointwhere
iszero(whileholdinghisfarminginputsconstantascontractuallystipulated).Thelandowner,ontheotherhand,willlimitthetenantsholdingtoT1,andparceltheremainderofhistotalholdingtoothertenantsundersimilarcontractualarrangements.[6]ThelandownercannotsuccessfullyrestrictlandsizetolessthanT1,sincewithrentalpercentagerthetenantsalternativeearningwillbehigherelsewhereandhewillgiveupthetenancy.
,”specific”factorsofproduction,forexample,,themoreproductivetenantswillbetheintramarginaltenants,andthef/ngefficiencieseveniftherearenocostsassociatedwithdiscrimination,becauseland-lordsemployingmarginaltenants(leastproductivetenants)willbidthemoreproductivetenantsawayfromadiscriminatinglandlord.
Second,eveniflandishomogeneous,erentalvalueperunit-thatis,the(q-f)/hcurvesindifferenttenantfarmsyieldequalheightsattheirpeaks-thelandsizesfordifferenttenantswilldifferiftheproductionfunctionsofthesetenantsdiffer.[7]Thisalsoimpli,inmaximizingtherentalannuityofhislandholdings,theownerwillassigndifferentlandsizesandchargedifferentrentalpercentagestodifferenttenantsifth,givenhomogeneouslands,themarginalproductivityoflandforeachfarmmustbeequalateverymargin,foritisatthehighestvalueof(q-f)/hthatlandsizesaredivided.
Third,thefarmingcost(otherthanthecostofland),thef//handf/hasinfigure3,thef/hminusthelandownersinputcostwillbelower,thusdefiningahigher(q-df)*/(q-f)*/hcurve(notdrawn)measuresnotonlythecostofland(rent),butalsothelandownersnonlandfarmingcost.[8]Therentalpercentagechargedbythelandownerwillaccordinglybehigher,withanupwardshiftof
:itdoesnotmatterwhetherthelandownerrequiredthetenanttoinvestmoreinlandandchargesalowerrentalpercentageorwhetherthelandownerinvestsinlandhimselfandchargesthetenantahigherrentalpercentage;theinvestmentwillbemadeifitleadstoahigherrentalannuity.[9]Itfollowsthatfora,thetenantmayraisethefarminginputsbycooperatingwiththelandowner,bysubleasing,byhiringfarmhands,byborrowing,,thedifferenttenantinputrequirementsinfarmsofdifferentlandgradesandproductionfunctionswillmatchtenantswithdifferentinputendowmentsaccordingly.
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