www.youxs.org（www.youxs.org）：

,……,……wherethecroppersystemprevailsandwherethelandlordfurnisheseverythingbutlaborandroutinemanagement.[7]

Similarly,accordingtoanothersurveyconductedbyChing-MohCheninfourprovinces（China,1934）,,fertilizers,andbullocks,[8]

Furthermore,giventheproductionfunction,thelandspacerentedtoeachten,thefarmsizepertenantfamilywillbesmallerif（a）thelandismorefertileor（b）theten-antsalternativeearningisloWer.[9]Again,supportingevidenceisstrong:

www.youxs.org（1929through1938）,thepricesofpaddyfieldsweremorethantwoandone-halftimesashighasthoseofdryfields,confirmingthatpaddyfieldsweregenerallymorefertile.[10]

www.youxs.org（1929-33）,wefind（a）,;and（b）oftheseventypesofcropfieldslisted,thesmallestaveragesizeoccursindouble-croppingricefields（www.youxs.org）,whicharegenerallymostfertile.[11]

Turningtothetax-equivalentapproachtoanalysisofsharetenancy,andreferringagaintofigure5,wemaywellask:IftheassertedequilibriumatAwerevalid,whatwouldweobserve?Thefollowingisimplied:

www.youxs.org（China,1921—25）：

Contrarytotheprevailingopinionthattenantsdonotfarmaswellasowners,aclassificationaccordingtoyieldsbydifferenttypesoftenureshowsnosignificantvariationinyieldsformostlocalities,andforthefewinwhichadifferencedoesoccur,itisinfavorofthetenantorpartownerasoftenasfortheowner……Insomeplaces,even,itisevidentthatthetenantsfarmbetterthantheowners.[12]

Bucksdatashowthefollowingcropindexesperacre:Ownerfarms,100and101；part-ownerfarms,99and101；andtenantfarms,103and104.[13]Thirtyyearslater,makingnoreferencetoBuck,:

UnderdevelopedcountriesintentontechnicalprogressinagricultureshouldrecognizethefactthatmuchofthemostimpressivegaininagriculturalproductivityoccurredinareasoftheUnitedStateswherethedominantformoflandtenureisasharerentalarrangementbetweenlandlordandtenant.[14]

Withrespecttotheintensitiesoffarming,wefindJapanesedata（1932-38）,,[15]thigherproportionofpaddyfieldsundertenancy.

www.youxs.org（underthetaxapproach）,thatthemarketvalueoflandunde,ations,andthat”thevalueoflandforthethreetypesoftenure（owner,part-owner,andtenant）inmostcasesvariesonlyafewdollars.”[16]Also,withequilibriumatA,wewouldobservethattheactualrentreceivedbythelandownerislowerundersharetenancythanunderafixedrent（rentperacre）.AsisshowninAppendixB,however,sharerentisgenerallyslightlyhigherthancroprent.[17]Thisslightdifference,asIshallindicatelater,mightbeexplainedasapaymenttothelandownerforhis”risk”bearingunderasharecontract.

www.youxs.org

（1-r）curveshiftingdownwardinfigure5—w:Tenantfarmswithhigherrentalpercentagesusuallyalsodisplayhigherlabor-landratios.[18]Thisisdueeithertothelandsbeingmorefertileortothetenantsalternativeearningsbeinglower,aconditionimpliedbyourtheoryofsharetenancy.

www.youxs.org,,[19],landownersissuingoneortwohundredleaseswereregardedasmon.[20]